The current prevalence and factors associated with tardive dyskinesia among Filipino schizophrenic patients
Received 30 September 2008; received in revised form 25 February 2009; accepted 26 February 2009.
Abstract
Objective
To determine the prevalence of and the factors associated with tardive dyskinesia (TD) among Filipino patients with schizophrenia admitted at the National Center for Mental Health.
Study Design
Cross-sectional study.
Methods
A total of 227 inpatients fulfilling the DSM-IV TR criteria for schizophrenia participated in the study. Demographic data including age, disease duration and medication intake were obtained. The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Simpson Angus Rating Scale (SARS) were performed on all patients. Odds of developing TD in relation to the different variables were computed. The association between study variables and development of TD was also evaluated using the Chi-square test.
Findings
Our cohort of patients had a mean age of 40 (range: 19–73years old), had a mean disease duration of 6years, had a daily neuroleptic dose of 700mg in chlorpromazine equivalent, and had a lifetime neuroleptic exposure of at least 5years. The prevalence rate of TD was 20.3% (46 out of 227 patients). Fifty-three percent of patients had significant extrapyramidal features (SARS ≥3). TD was noted more in females and older age groups. The other factors associated with TD: were those patients with longer duration of illness and those patients with longer cumulative exposure to neuroleptic drugs. There was no association found with regard to the presence of diabetes mellitus type II, to the use of anticholinergic drugs, to the history of substance abuse and to the history of electroconvulsive therapy.
Conclusions
Despite the predominant use of first-generation antipsychotic agents, the prevalence of TD among Filipino schizophrenic patients is similar to that reported among Asians, but lower than that reported among our Western counterparts. The results may be affected by differences in methodological, racial and genetic determinants.
ABSTRACT