Highlights
- •The impact of young onset Parkinson's Disease (YOPD) may be greater than late onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD).
- •There is a tendency to a longer survival but higher loss of years of life with a younger age at onset.
- •55% of YOPD patients retire early or are likely to give up work within 10 years of disease onset.
- •YOPD patients carry a greater socioeconomic burden when compared with their older-onset counterparts.
- •YOPD has specific diagnostic and management challenges.
Abstract
Young-onset Parkinson's disease (YOPD), defined as age at onset between 21 and 40
years, presents unique motor and non-motor features that differentiate this subtype
from the typical late onset Parkinson's disease (LOPD), starting after age 61. Because
it affects patients in the prime of their life, it often has an extraordinary impact
on their family, social, and professional life. While typically progressing at a slower
rate than LOPD, patients with YOPD are more prone to develop levodopa-related motor
complications, including dyskinesia. In this article we will review the clinical features
and epidemiology of YOPD with focus on its impact on pregnancy, employment and family,
as well as its particular diagnostic and management challenges.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Parkinsonism & Related DisordersAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Respiratory problems in neurologic movement disorders.Park. Relat. Disord. 2010; 16: 628-638
- Past, present and future of Parkinson's disease: a special essay on the 200th anniversary of the shaking palsy.Mov. Disord. 2017; 32: 1264-1310
- Movement disorder society criteria for clinically established early Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2018; 33: 1643-1646
- Validation of the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2018; 33: 1601-1608
- Young onset Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 1987; 2: 73-91
- Epidemiological, clinical, and genetic characteristics of early-onset parkinsonism.Lancet Neurol. 2006; 5: 355-363
- Parkinson disease subtypes.JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 499-504
- What contributes to quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease?.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2000; 69: 308-312
- Challenges in diagnosis of young onset Parkinson's disease.J. Neurol. Sci. 2012; 323: 113-116
- Comparing clinical features of young onset, middle onset and late onset Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2014; 20: 530-534
- Prevalence and age of onset of Parkinson's disease in Cardiff: a community based cross sectional study and meta-analysis.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2009; 80: 805-807
- The effect of onset age on the clinical features of Parkinson's disease.Eur. J. Neurol. 2009; 164: 450-456
- Parkin and PINK1 parkinsonism may represent nigral mitochondrial cytopathies distinct from Lewy body Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2009; 15: 721-727
- European Consortium on Genetic Susceptibility in Parkinson's Disease, How much phenotypic variation can be attributed to parkin genotype?.Ann. Neurol. 2003; 54: 176-185
- Familial aggregation of Parkinson disease: a comparative study of early-onset and late-onset disease.Arch. Neurol. 2002; 59: 848-850
- Parkinson disease in twins: an etiologic study.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1999; 281: 341-346
- Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease.Adv. Neurol. 1999; 80: 153-159
- European consortium on genetic susceptibility in Parkinson's disease, association between early onset Parkinson's disease and mutations in the parkin gene: French Parkinson's disease genetics study group.N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 342: 1560-1567
- DNAJC6 mutations associated with early-onset Parkinson's disease.Ann. Neurol. 2016; 79: 244-256
- Association between early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: identification of a novel genetic form of Parkinson disease and its clinical implications.JAMA Neurol. 2013; 70: 1359-1366
- Sporadic rapid onset dystonia-parkinsonism presenting as Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2006; 21: 118-119
- Cross sectional prevalence survey of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism in London.BMJ. 2000; 321: 21-22
- The Parkinson pandemic-A call to action.JAMA Neurol. 2018; 75: 9-10
- The prevalence of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Mov. Disord. 2014; 29: 1583-1590
- Projections of prevalence, lifetime risk, and life expectancy of Parkinson's disease (2010-2030) in France.Mov. Disord. 2018; 33: 1449-1455
- Systematic review of the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease in Asia.J. Epidemiol. 2009; 19: 281-293
- Young-onset Parkinson's disease: a clinical review.Neurology. 1991; 41: 168-173
- Young onset Parkinson's disease, Practical management of medical issues.Park. Relat. Disord. 2008; 14: 133-142
- Young-onset Parkinson's disease revisited—clinical features, natural history, and mortality.Mov. Disord. 1998; 13: 885-894
- Selegiline, pregnancy, and Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 1998; 13: 175-176
- Time of loss of employment in Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2006; 21: 1839-1843
- How is employment affected?.Ir. J. Med. Sci. 2013; 182: 415-419
- Quality of life in young- compared with late-onset Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2011; 26: 2011-2018
- Young versus older-onset Parkinson's disease: impact of disease and psychosocial consequences.Mov. Disord. 2003; 18: 1250-1256
- How does Parkinson's disease affect quality of life? A comparison with quality of life in the general population.Mov. Disord. 2000; 15: 1112-1118
- Estimated life expectancy of Parkinson's patients compared with the UK population.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2007; 78: 1304-1309
- What predicts mortality in Parkinson disease?: a prospective population-based long-term study.Neurology. 2010; 75: 1270-1276
- Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson's disease: a clinico-pathological study.Brain. 2010; 133: 1755-1762
- J. Jankovic. The genetics of Parkinson disease.Ageing Res. Rev. 2018; 42: 72-85
- The many faces ofalpha-synucleinmutations.Mov. Disord. 2013; 28: 697-701
- Alpha-synuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson's disease.Lancet. 2004; 354: 1167-1169
- Expanding the clinical phenotype of SNCA duplication carriers.Mov. Disord. 2009; 24: 1811-1819
- Phenotypic spectrum of alpha-synuclein mutations: new insights from patients and cellular models.Park. Relat. Disord. 2016; 22: S16-S20
- Genetic forms of Parkinson's disease.Semin. Neurol. 2017; 37: 135-146
- Cognitive and motor function in long-duration PARKIN-associated Parkinson disease.JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 62-67
- Impulsive-compulsive behaviors in parkin-associated Parkinson disease.Neurology. 2016; 87: 1436-1441
- Localization of a novel locus for autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism, PARK6, on human chromosome 1p35-p36.Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2001; 68: 895-900
- Early-onset parkinsonism associated with PINK1 mutations: frequency, genotypes, and phenotypes.Neurology. 2005; 65: 87-95
- Mutations in the DJ-1gene associated with autosomal recessive early-onset parkinsonism.Science. 2003; 299: 256-259
- Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force.Mov. Disord. 2016; 31: 436-457
- Genetic movement disorders in patients of Jewish ancestry.JAMA Neurol. 2014; 71: 1567-1572
- GBA mutations and Parkinson disease: when genotype meets phenotype.Neurology. 2015; 84: 866-867
- GBA-associated Parkinson's disease: reduced survival and more rapid progression in a prospective longitudinal study.Mov. Disord. 2015; 30: 407-411
- Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson's disease.N. Engl. J. Med. 2009; 361: 1651-1661
- Cognitive performance of GBA mutation carriers with early-onset PD: the CORE-PD study.Neurology. 2012; 78: 1434-1440
- GBA-associated PD presents with nonmotor characteristics.Neurology. 2011; 77: 276-280
- Association of GBA mutations and the E326K polymorphism with motor and cognitive progression in Parkinson disease.JAMA Neurol. 2016; 73: 1217-1224
- Survival and dementia in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease: the mutation matters.Ann. Neurol. 2016; 80: 662-673
- Differential effects of severe vs mild GBA mutations on Parkinson disease.Neurology. 2015; 84: 880-887
- A "dose" effect of mutations in the GBA gene on Parkinson's disease phenotype.Park. Relat. Disord. 2017; 36: 47-51
- Parkinson's disease and pregnancy: an updated review.Park. Relat. Disord. 2017; 40: 11-17
- Successful pregnancy and delivery in a patient with Parkinson's disease under pramipexole treatment.Presse Med. 2014; 43: 83-85
- Successful twin pregnancy in a patient with parkin-associated autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism.BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 72
- Two cases of pregnancy in Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2014; 20: 239-240
- Parkinson disease and pregnancy. A propos of a case.J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. Paris. 1990; 19: 461-463
- Parkinson's disease and pregnancy: case report and literature review.J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod. 2000; 29: 454-457
- Pregnancy in Parkinson's disease: case report and discussion.Expert Rev. Neurother. 2008; 8: 1799-1805
- Pramipexole treated Parkinson's disease during pregnancy.Mov. Disord. 2004; 19: 1114-1115
- The effect of pregnancy in Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2000; 15: 132-135
- Pregnancy in Parkinson's disease: unique case report and review of the literature.Mov. Disord. 2005; 20: 1078-1079
- Parkinson's disease and pregnancy.Neurology. 1987; 37: 1245-1249
- Movement disorders and pregnancy: a review of the literature.Mov. Disord. 2010; 25: 665-671
- Use of anti-Parkinson medication during pregnancy: a case series.J. Neurol. 2018; 265: 1922-1929
- Successful birth of an IVF baby in a patient with Parkinson's disease.J. Hum. Reprod. Sci. 2010; 3: 42-43
- Parkinson's disease in women.Disease-a-Month. 2007; 53: 206-213
- Movement disorders and pregnancy.in: Klein A. O'Neal M.A. Scifres C. Waters J. Waters J.H. Neurological Illness in Pregnancy: Principles and Practice. first ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken2016: 179-190
- Lifetime exposure to estrogens and Parkinson's disease in California teachers.Park. Relat. Disord. 2014; 20: 1149-1156
- Inhibition of striatal dopamine transporter activity by 17b-estradiol.Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998; 345: 207-211
- Hysterectomy, menopause, and estrogen use preceding Parkinson's disease: an exploratory case-control study.Mov. Disord. 2001; 16: 830-837
- Gender differences in Parkinson's disease.Clin. Neuropharmacol. 1998; 21: 118-121
- Reproductive life characteristics in females affected with Parkinson's disease and in healthy control subjects - a comparative study on Polish population.Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 2014; 48: 322-327
- Risk of Parkinson disease in women: effect of reproductive characteristics.Neurology. 2004; 62: 2010-2014
- A case control study of women with Parkinson's disease and their fertility characteristics.J. Neurol. Sci. 2012; 319: 135-138
- The relevance of gender in Parkinson's disease: a review.J. Neurol. 2017; 264: 1583-1607
- Female reproductive factors, menopausal hormone use, and Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2014; 29: 889-896
- Is there a connection between estrogen and Parkinson's disease?.Park. Relat. Disord. 2002; 8: 289-295
- Hormone replacement therapy and Parkinson's disease risk in women: a meta-analysis of 14 observational studies.Neuropsychiatric Dis. Treat. 2015; 11: 59-66
- Effect of reproductive factors and postmenopausal hormone use on the risk of Parkinson.Neurology. 2005; 65: 383-390
- Formulations of hormone therapy and risk of Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2014; 29: 1631-1636
- Levodopa in human breast milk. Clinical implications.Neurology. 1998; 50: 1920-1921
- Coping with menstruation: understanding the needs of women with Parkinson's disease.J. Adv. Nurs. 2002; 40: 513-521
- Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation.fourth ed. Williams and Wilkins Baltimore, 1994
- Levodopa carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG) infusion during pregnancy and delivery: first documented case.Park. Relat. Disord. 2014; 20: 1317-1318
- Bromocriptine as prophylactic therapy in prolactinoma during pregnancy.Fertil. Steril. 1981; 36: 524-526
- Parkinson's disease and working capacity.Mov. Disord. 2006; 21: 2187-2191
- Loss of ability to work and ability to live independently in Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2012; 18: 130-135
- The Disability Discrimination Act, a necessary, but not sufficient safeguard for people with progressive conditions in the workplace? The experiences of younger people with Parkinson's disease.Disabil. Rehabil. 2006; 28: 13-24
- Illicit drug use and work in a model therapeutic workplace.Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018; 191: 110-116
- The health related, social, and economic consequences of Parkinsonism: a controlled national study.J. Neurol. 2011; 258: 1497-1506
- Couple resilience to economic pressure.J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 1999; 76: 54-71
- Quality of life.in: Lubkin I.M. Chronic Illness: Impact and Interventions. Jones & Bartlett, Boston1990 (p.136)
- Psychosocial issues in young-onset Parkinson's disease: current research and challenges.Park. Relat. Disord. 2008; 142: 143-150
- Sexual dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease: an underrated problem in a much discussed disorder.Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2017; 134: 859-876
- Informal caregiving: a valuable part of the health care team.in: Ebadi M. Pfeiffer R.F. Parkinson's Disease. CRC Press, Florida2005: 999-1008
- Caregiver burden in Parkinson disease: a critical review of recent literature.J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 2017; 30: 235-252
- Psychogenic (functional) parkinsonism.in: Hallett M. Stone J. Carson A. Functional Neurologic Disorders, Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands2017 (pp.259–262)
- The motor phenotype of Parkinson's disease in relation to age at onset.Mov. Disord. 2011; 26: 457-463
- Old-onset Parkinson's disease compared with young-onset disease: clinical differences and similarities.Acta Neurol. Scand. 1994; 89: 258-261
- Age at onset: the major determinant of outcome in Parkinson's disease.Acta Neurol. Scand. 1995; 92: 455-463
- Early-onset Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 1991; 6: 36-42
- Initial symptoms of Parkinson's disease with elderly onset.Gerontology. 2000; 46: 129-132
- Age at onset and Parkinson disease phenotype.Neurology. 2016; 86: 1400-1407
- Functional decline in Parkinson's disease.Arch. Neurol. 2001; 58: 1611-1615
- The identification of Parkinson's disease subtypes using cluster analysis: a systematic review.Mov. Disord. 2010; 25: 96-978
- New clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease and their longitudinal progression: a prospective cohort comparison with other phenotypes.JAMA Neurol. 2015; 72: 863-873
- Motor subtype changes in early Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2017; 43: 67-72
- Onset-related subtypes of Parkinson's disease differ in the patterns of striatal dopaminergic dysfunction: a positron emission tomography study.Park. Relat. Disord. 2015; 21: 1448-1453
- Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction.Park. Relat. Disord. 2009; 15: S237-S240
- Functional brain networks and abnormal connectivity in the movement disorders.Neuroimage. 2012; 62: 2261-2270
- Caudate nucleus: influence of dopaminergic input on sequence learning and brain activation in Parkinsonism.Neuroimage. 2004; 21: 1497-1507
- Age related differences in levodopa dynamics in Parkinson's: implications for motor complications.Brain. 2006; 129: 1050-1058
- Age-specific progression of nigrostriatal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.Ann. Neurol. 2011; 69: 803-810
- Progression of motor impairment and disability in Parkinson disease: a population-based study.Neurology. 2005; 65: 1436-1441
- Onset and progression of disease in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease.Am. J. Med. Genet. 2004; 124: 255-258
- Prevalence of non-motor symptoms in young-onset versus late-onset Parkinson's disease.J. Neurol. 2013; 260: 131-137
- Parkinson's disease beyond 20 years.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2015; 86: 849-855
- Stalevo reduction in dyskinesia evaluation in Parkinson's disease (STRIDE-PD) investigators, factors predictive of the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and wearing-off in Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2013; 28: 1064-1071
- Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young-onset Parkinson's disease.Neurology. 1991; 41: 202-205
- Clinical features and medical treatment of Parkinson's disease in patient groups selected in accordance with age at onset.Adv. Neurol. 1993; 60: 690-697
- Levodopa-dyskinesia incidence by age of Parkinson's disease onset.Mov. Disord. 2005; 20: 342-344
- Levodopa-associated dyskinesia risk among Parkinson disease patients in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990.Arch. Neurol. 2006; 63: 205-209
- Beating a dead horse: dopamine and Parkinson disease.Neurology. 2007; 69: 1701-1711
- Don't delay, start today.Brain. 2014; 137: 2628-2630
- The modern pre-levodopa era of Parkinson's disease: insights into motor complications from sub-Saharan Africa.Brain. 2014; 137: 2731-2742
- Common myths in the use of levodopa in Parkinson disease: when clinical trials misinform clinical practice.JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74: 633-634
- Levodopa and Parkinson disease-myths revisited.JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74: 1270
- Treatment of young-onset Parkinson's disease: role of dopamine receptor agonists.Park. Relat. Disord. 2010; 15: S71-S75
- Parkinson's disease therapy: tailoring choices for early and late disease, young and old patients.Clin. Neuropharmacol. 2000; 23: 252-261
- A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa.N. Engl. J. Med. 2000; 42: 1484-1491
- Levodopa and Parkinson disease-myths revisited-reply.JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74: 1270-1271
- Sleep problems in Parkinson's disease patients.Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 2011; 1: 307-321
- The high prevalence of impulse control behaviors in patients with early-onset Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional multicenter study.J. Neurol. Sci. 2016; 368: 150-154
- Longitudinal analysis of impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease.Neurology. 2018; 91: e189-e201
- Impulse control disorders in advanced Parkinson's disease with dyskinesia: the ALTHEA study.Mov. Disord. 2017; 32: 1557-1565
- Diagnosis and management of Parkinson's disease.Semin. Neurol. 2017; 37: 118-126
- Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study).Acta Neurol. Scand. 2002; 105: 245-255
- A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study.Arch. Neurol. 2005; 62: 241-248
- Amantadine for levodopa induced dyskinesias: a 1-year follow-up study.Arch. Neurol. 1999; 56: 1383-1386
- Withdrawing amantadine in dyskinetic patients with Parkinson disease: the AMANDYSK trial.Neurology. 2014; 82: 300-307
- A 10 year retrospective audit of long-term apomorphine use in Parkinson's disease.J. Neurol. 2004; 251: 1370-1374
- Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's disease.Brain. 1998; 121: 451-457
- Levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.CNS Drugs. 2016; 30: 381-404
- ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release capsules for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson disease (EASE LID study): a randomized clinical trial.JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74: 941-949
- Long-term outcome of young onset Parkinson's disease after subthalamic stimulation--a cross-sectional study.Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2013; 115: 2082-2087
- Apomorphine subcutaneous infusion in patients with Parkinson's disease with persistent motor fluctuations (TOLEDO): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet Neurol. 2018; 17: 749-759
- Drug-induced dyskinesia, Part 1: treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.Drugs. 2016; 76: 759-777
- Suboptimal medication adherence in Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2005; 20: 1502-1507
- Antiparkinson drug adherence and its association with health care utilization and economic outcomes in a Medicare Part D population.Value Health. 2014; 17: 196-204
- Impact of Parkinson's disease on patients' adolescent and adult children.Park. Relat. Disord. 2004; 10: 391-397
- Living with a person who has Parkinson's disease: the spouse's perspective by stage of disease, Parkinson's Study Group.Mov. Disord. 1998; 13: 20-28
- Understanding uncertainty in young-onset Parkinson disease.Chronic Illness. 2017; 13: 288-298
- Comparison of cognitive profile in young- and late-onset Parkinson's disease patients.Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol. 2018; 21: 130-132
- Effect of age at onset on frequency of depression in Parkinson's disease.J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 1994; 57: 1265-1267
- Anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease: prevalence and risk factors.Mov. Disord. 2010; 25: 838-845
- Gender and onset age-related features of non-motor symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease--a study from Southwest China.Park. Relat. Disord. 2013; 19: 961-965
- Prospective prevalence of pathologic gambling and medication association in Parkinson disease.Neurology. 2006; 66: 1750-1752
- Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients.Arch. Neurol. 2010; 67: 589-595
- The outcome of dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease: a retrospective postmortem study.Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2018; 5: 519-522
- Epidemiology and neuropsychiatric manifestations of young onset Parkinson's disease in the United States.Park. Relat. Disord. 2013; 19: 202-206
- Self-regulation of driving behavior in people with Parkinson disease.Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 2015; 28: 80-91
- Patient and scientific perspectives on misleading medical news.Mov. Disord. 2017; 32: 1319-1323
- Moving from physician-centered care towards patient-centered care for Parkinson's disease patients.Park. Relat. Disord. 2013; 19: 923-927
- Why palliative care applies to Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2018; 33: 750-753
- Palliative care for Parkinson's disease: has the time come?.Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2015; 15: 26
- Strategies to maintain quality of life among people with Parkinson's disease: what works?.Neurodegener. Dis. Manag. 2016; 6: 399-415
- OTiP study group, Efficacy of occupational therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet Neurol. 2014; 13: 557-566
- Dementia in Parkinson's disease: a 20-year neuropsychological study (sydney multicentre study).J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2011; 82: 1033-1037
- A comparison of clinical and pathological features of young- and old-onset Parkinson's disease.Neurology. 1988; 38: 1402-1406
- Frequency of psychiatric disorders in young-onset Parkinson's disease does not differ from typical-onset Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2009; 15: 153-155
- Comorbidity of the nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2001; 16: 507-510
- Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review on risk factors and pathophysiology.J. Neurol. Sci. 2019; 398: 101-106
- The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson's disease.Mov. Disord. 2009; 24: 1641-1649
- International study on the psychometric attributes of the non-motor symptoms scale in Parkinson's disease.Neurology. 2009; 73: 1584-1591
- Gender-related differences in the burden of non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.J. Neurol. 2012; 25: 1639-1647
- The association between non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease and age at onset.Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2013; 115: 2103-2107
- Quality of sleep in young onset Parkinson's disease: any difference from older onset Parkinson's disease.Park. Relat. Disord. 2015; 21: 461-464
Article info
Publication history
Published online: June 01, 2019
Accepted:
June 1,
2019
Received in revised form:
April 29,
2019
Received:
January 14,
2019
Identification
Copyright
© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
